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          CentOS6.x到CentOS7.x的在线升级
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    <div class="post-body" itemprop="articleBody"><h1 id="缘起"><a href="#缘起" class="headerlink" title="缘起"></a>缘起</h1><p>相比<strong>Debian</strong>系的Linux发布版(如<strong>Debian</strong>、<strong>Ubuntu</strong>)，都能很好地支持在线大版本升级，<strong>RedHat</strong>系的Linux发布版（如<strong>RedHat</strong>、<strong>CentOS</strong>），其大版本升级一直是为人所诟病的问题。</p>
<a id="more"></a>
<p>这种情况到了CentOS7，终于有了改观：RedHat放出了UpgradeTool，同样，CentOS自然也有了。</p>
<p>注意：如果已经是CentOS6.7以后的版本了，在线升级到CentOS7可能会有问题，因为CentOS6.7以后版本有些软件的版本已经比CentOS7还高了，升级可能会出问题。</p>
<h1 id="具体步骤"><a href="#具体步骤" class="headerlink" title="具体步骤"></a>具体步骤</h1><h2 id="安装软件"><a href="#安装软件" class="headerlink" title="安装软件"></a>安装软件</h2><figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">cat &lt;&lt;EOF &gt;/etc/yum.repos.d/upgradetool.repo</span><br><span class="line">[upg]</span><br><span class="line">name=CentOS-<span class="variable">$releasever</span> - Upgrade Tool</span><br><span class="line">baseurl=http://dev.centos.org/centos/6/upg/x86_64/</span><br><span class="line">gpgcheck=1</span><br><span class="line">enabled=1</span><br><span class="line">gpgkey=file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-6</span><br><span class="line">EOF</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">yum -y install redhat-upgrade-tool \</span><br><span class="line">	 preupgrade-assistant-contents;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h2 id="升级前可行性分析"><a href="#升级前可行性分析" class="headerlink" title="升级前可行性分析"></a>升级前可行性分析</h2><figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">preupg -l; <span class="comment"># 列出预升级的可用内容，多半是"CentOS6_7"</span></span><br><span class="line">preupg -s CentOS6_7; <span class="comment"># 这里的"CentOS6_7"是上个命令的输出</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 上面这个命令生成的报告需要看看，主要是关于升级的风险的</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 个人经验就是升级前尽量将非官方的rpm安装的软件都删掉</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 安装的第三方的rpm包越少，升级的风险越小</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h2 id="开始升级"><a href="#开始升级" class="headerlink" title="开始升级"></a>开始升级</h2><figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">rpm --import \</span><br><span class="line">	 http://mirror.centos.org/centos/RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-7;</span><br><span class="line">centos-upgrade-tool-cli --network 7 \</span><br><span class="line">	 --instrepo=http://mirror.centos.org/centos/7/os/x86_64/;</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 上面这个命令的--instrepo参数用的是官方的repo，</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 如果自己搭建的有repo镜像（一般都有吧），用自己的就好</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 需要注意的是，这个镜像目录下需要有文件.treeinfo</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 没有的话就去官方的位置拷贝一个下来，记得版本号要一致哟</span></span><br><span class="line">reboot; <span class="comment"># 最后，重启机器即可</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 注意：这次重启到能ssh登录需要的时间可能比较长，</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 因为第一次重启后系统会自动升级，</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 升级完毕以后会再次自动重启，这次起来后才能ssh登录</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h2 id="收尾工作"><a href="#收尾工作" class="headerlink" title="收尾工作"></a>收尾工作</h2><p>机器起来后，登上服务器，需要做一些擦屁股的工作，比如，看还有没有CentOS6的软件残余，用命令：</p>
<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 首先看能否删掉这些el6的软件包</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">for</span> i <span class="keyword">in</span> $(rpm -qa | grep -i el6)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">do</span></span><br><span class="line">	rpm -e <span class="variable">$i</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">done</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 再看还剩哪些el6的软件包</span></span><br><span class="line">rpm -qa | grep -i el6;</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 再尝试删掉依赖于这些没删掉的el6软件包的软件包</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 再删掉el6的软件包</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 最后，降级剩下的el6的软件包</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 因为最后剩的这些软件包是版本比el7上的新的又不好被删除的</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 所以把最后这部分”降级“到el7的版本即可</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">for</span> i <span class="keyword">in</span> $(rpm -qa | grep -i el6 | cut -d<span class="string">'-'</span> -f1)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">do</span></span><br><span class="line">	yum downgrade <span class="variable">$i</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">done</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>有的话要么想办法删掉，要么想办法将其升级到el7的相应的软件包。</p>
<h2 id="可能出的错误"><a href="#可能出的错误" class="headerlink" title="可能出的错误"></a>可能出的错误</h2><p>如果<strong>preupg -s CentOS6_7;</strong>时出了如下的错误：</p>
<blockquote>
<p>I/O warning : failed to load external entity “/usr/share/openscap/xsl/security-guide.xsl”<br>compilation error: file /usr/share/preupgrade/xsl/preup.xsl line 40 element import<br>xsl:import : unable to load /usr/share/openscap/xsl/security-guide.xsl<br>I/O warning : failed to load external entity “/usr/share/openscap/xsl/oval-report.xsl”<br>compilation error: file /usr/share/preupgrade/xsl/preup.xsl line 41 element import<br>xsl:import : unable to load /usr/share/openscap/xsl/oval-report.xsl<br>I/O warning : failed to load external entity “/usr/share/openscap/xsl/sce-report.xsl”<br>compilation error: file /usr/share/preupgrade/xsl/preup.xsl line 42 element import<br>xsl:import : unable to load /usr/share/openscap/xsl/sce-report.xsl<br>OpenSCAP Error:: Could not parse XSLT file ‘/usr/share/preupgrade/xsl/preup.xsl’ [oscapxml.c:416]<br>Unable to open file /root/preupgrade/result.html<br>Usage: preupg [options]</p>
</blockquote>
<blockquote>
<p>preupg: error: [Errno 2] No such file or directory: ‘/root/preupgrade/result.html’</p>
</blockquote>
<p>那么应该是openscap的版本过高，需要降级到upg里的版本。</p>
<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">yum downgrade openscap;</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 也许CentOS6的版本太高，需要降级到upg的版本</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h1 id="参考"><a href="#参考" class="headerlink" title="参考"></a>参考</h1><ul>
<li><a href="https://wiki.centos.org/TipsAndTricks/CentOSUpgradeTool" target="_blank" rel="noopener">CentOS upgradetool</a></li>
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